Late Summer Rain Epub To Pdf
LINK ->->->-> https://cinurl.com/2sZV9l
In recent years, shootings in Chicago were more likely to happen on warm days and especially during the weekend or holidays. This finding is in-line with studies that have linked crime to higher temperature and also suggests that shootings may be related to when individuals are outside and more likely to encounter violence. Interventions that keep people inside, such as air-conditioning and summer programs for students, might be effective in reducing the number of shootings in Chicago. We believe using a causal structure is useful for understanding the link between weather and shootings.
One prior study examined the relationship between weather and shootings in Chicago (Kieltyka et al., 2016). The authors found that as temperature increased, the number of daily shootings in Chicago also increased, and rain significantly decreased the number of firearm related injuries and crime. We update that study for a more recent period in Chicago when shootings were increasing rapidly, using what we believe are more complete and valid data (e.g., their study missed homicides going directly to the morgue and the injured either not seeking medical attention or leaving the hospital within 2 hours), and an established causal structure that goes beyond prediction, allowing us to make recommendations for policy.
Our findings suggest various types of interventions that might reduce gun violence. For example, gang-related violence-- which typically occurs outside--is the cause or catalyst for most gun deaths in Chicago (Block et al., 1993). One effective policy might be the addition of air conditioning to homes and public places. This would not only improve the quality of life for Chicagoans in the summer, but also might reduce irritably and the need for people to go outside due to excessive heat indoors. Summer work and internships for students, as well as changes to the school schedule could also potentially reduce the number of shootings by keeping adolescents occupied.
He found his mother on the kitchen table. She had kicked some plates and silverware onto the floor in what had apparently been a brief struggle. Her head was hanging backward off the edge of the table, and she had been sloppily drained. Blood splashed the floor beneath her. Her eyes were open and glassy.
Hourly and daily weather data are summarised in Table 1. The site was considered windy with an average gust speed of 36.6 km/h each day. The maximum gust speed was 79.6 km/h in 2009. It experienced an average rainfall of 2.7 mm per day with more rain in winter (3.7 mm per day) than in other seasons. The maximum daily temperature ranged from 8.1°C to 28.1°C with an average of 23.2°C in summer and 14.6°C in winter. The site received six hours of sunshine each day - 7.6 hours in summer and 4.8 hours in winter.
Significant correlations were observed between all weather variables of interest and hourly and daily cycle volumes, either on lane or on path (p < 0.0001) (Table 2). Gust speed and rain were negatively correlated with cycle volumes while temperature and sunshine duration were positively correlated. The correlations were stronger for the daily data compared to the hourly data.
Our findings may help develop temporal, seasonal and weather corrections to standardise cycle flows in future surveys which are mostly conducted at a specified time during the year. The findings also suggest that season and weather may need to be taken into account in future policies and interventions aiming to promote cycling in Auckland. Simple remedies include use of protective gears, for example, wearing a rain jacket and having a shower afterwards. Given a favourable trend in cycling as a recreational activity in New Zealand [17], provision of shower and change facilities and secure bicycle storage at destinations such as workplaces, universities, and schools may encourage people to move from recreational to commuter cycling [52]. Provision of better public transport infrastructure integrated with cycling may also facilitate utility cycling in any weather. Currently public transport represents only 5% of all time spent travelling in Auckland [41]. While the majority of bicycle related injuries occur in good weather when people cycle more, proper maintenance and care of bicycles, public roads and cycleways may prevent crashes which are likely to be severe in bad weather [53, 54].
12. The spirit of dew has its abode in the extremities of heaven, in connection with the receptacle of rain; and its progress is in winter and in summer. The cloud produced by it, and the cloud of the mist, become united; one gives to the other; and when the spirit of rain is in motion from its receptacle, angels come, and opening its receptacle, bring it forth.
Moisture flux and rainfall anomalies over southern Africa that have occurred during strong warm SST events off the coast of Angola since 1950 are considered. These events typically occur during February-April (FMA), the main rainy season for Angola/northern Namibia. Eleven of these events have occurred in this 60 year period and each experiences increased rainfall somewhere in coastal Angola, and in 10 cases, somewhere in northern Namibia. Attention is focussed on the five events with the largest and most widespread positive rainfall anomalies over Africa south of 10°S; namely, 1963, 1986, 2001, 2006, 2011. All of these five events experienced increased moisture flux from the western tropical Indian Ocean, warm SST anomalies also in the south west Indian Ocean, and most also showed increased westerly moisture flux from the tropical south east Atlantic. The events also showed strong weakening of the mid-level anticyclonic conditions that occur over southern Africa during summer. This factor together with the distribution of anomalous uplift through the middle/upper troposphere appeared to match the areas of increased rainfall better than the areas of low level moisture convergence. Reported experiments with an atmospheric GCM forced with idealizations of the observed SST anomalies show rainfall anomalies consistent with the observed patterns.
Figure 1. Schematic showing the main circulation features important for southern African rainfall during summer (Angola low denoted L, subtropical anticyclones, tropical convergence zones denoted as magenta dotted lines, cloud bands), unique regional oceanic features (Angola Benguela Frontal Zone denoted ABFZ, Agulhas Current and retroflection region, Seychelles-Chagos Thermocline Ridge denoted SCTR) and their climate impacts (Meridional Overturning Circulation denoted MOC, cut-off low induced flooding denoted COLs, tropical cyclones denoted TC, Madden Julian Oscillations denoted MJO, Benguela Niño induced floods denoted BNino).
Some participants talked about weather conditions influencing their walking for transportation. Several of the previously described environmental factors are influenced by weather and seasonal conditions. Greenery was reported to be more beautiful during spring and summer because of the presence of leaves and flowers on trees and bushes. Wintertime was associated with perceived lack of safety from crime because of early darkness and with fear of falling because of icy and snowy conditions. Rainy weather was disliked by the participants because it produces puddles on sidewalks and mud on shoulders and field tracks. However, few participants (8.8%) also mentioned that they would walk instead of cycle for transportation during rainy weather because it is possible to carry an umbrella while walking.
Humans and animals can be exposed to urticating setae by direct contact with larvae, indirectly via the environment (e.g. on the ground and carried by wind), and by ingestion through contaminated feed and water [8]. The dispersal of urticating caterpillars during pre-pupation processions is one of the highest risk times for direct contact with humans and animals [12, 13]. In a pre-pupation procession, gregarious caterpillars ready to pupate travel head-to-tail in a line from their nest to a pupation site (Additional file 1). Caterpillars maintain a procession by following silk threads, trail pheromone and through thigmotaxis [14, 15]. The leader (first larva of the procession) and the following caterpillars are kept in contact by the long posterior hairs from the last abdominal segment and the head [15, 16]. Caterpillars aggregating in groups for at least part of their larval stage is common, however being gregarious at all instars from neonate to pre-pupae is uncommon [17]. Social species from the Notodontidae, Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich-Schäffer and Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis & Schiffermüller) are two examples of the latter. Ochrogaster lunifer and T. pityocampa have a univoltine lifecycle, with larvae feeding throughout the summer and winter, respectively. Every year, from March to May, pre-pupation processions of O. lunifer and T. pityocampa occur in southern and northern hemispheres, respectively. Although geographically isolated, the two species share a similar period of development through the year but in opposite seasons [18, 19]. 2b1af7f3a8